Forecast of Cancer Research and Treatment Advances in 2018

2017 saw many “firsts” in the oncology community, in the form of several revolutionary advances in the research and treatment of cancer, including  the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of an immunotherapeutic to treat patients based on biomarkers rather than the site of tumour origin; the approval of the first CAR T-cell immunotherapy; and the approval of a comprehensive next-gen companion diagnostic test to identify the right patients for the right molecularly targeted therapeutic.

In 2017, the FDA also approved the FoundationOne CDx test, which can detect genetic mutations in 324 genes and two genomic signatures in any solid tumour type, and the first “biosimilar” cancer drugs, which could potentially help drive down the costs of some cancer treatments.

While immunotherapies lead to long-lasting responses for some patients, a sizable portion of patients do not respond to these agents; some patients who respond ultimately develop resistance; and we still do not have precise biomarkers to predict who will respond and who will not. The same can be said about targeted therapies, where challenges with treatment resistance continue to be a major roadblock. Above all, patients from underrepresented and underserved communities quite often do not benefit from cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment advances.

Recently, several experts in the fields of immunotherapy, precision medicine, and prevention and disparities research shared where they thought  the cancer research community is headed next and what major accomplishments we might expect in 2018 to take us closer to conquering cancer:

Immunotherapy Advances in 2018

“We are starting to define cancers based on what their genetics tells us and how the immune system sees them,” says AACR President-Elect Elizabeth M. Jaffee, MD.

Jaffe is the Dana and Albert “Cubby” Broccoli professor of oncology and professor of pathology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, and associate director of the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Johns Hopkins

She predicts that 2018 will see approval of anti-PD1/PDL1 and anti-CTLA4 antibody therapeutics, as single agents or as combinations, for smaller subsets of different cancers.

“We are going from treating melanoma or lung cancer to treating smaller subsets of genetically linked cancers that have a high mutational burden, where anti-PD1/PDL1 antibodies work very well,” notes Jaffee. She predicts that we might see more biomarkers associated with the immunotherapeutics being approved, in addition to microsatellite instability (MSI)-high tumours.

Jaffee added, among other things, that “We are going to see more immunotherapy combinations being approved this year. I think we are going to see more of that but not just with those two types of antibodies but perhaps with other inhibitors of the immune response. There is a lot of good science coming out right now, and I think we have the right tools to follow up on these advancements to make noticeable progress.”

Precision Medicine Advances in 2018

“For a while now, we have been using approaches of association – application of statistics to associate an event, such as a mutation in the tumour, with a specific outcome. One of the things that’s going to happen in the next couple of years is that we are going to see a transition from such purely associative approaches to approaches that are more and more model-based, which can provide us with greater ability to analyse multi-dimensional omics data to identify the key mechanistic dependencies of cancer cells,” says Andrea Califano, PhD, Clyde and Helen Wu Professor of Chemical Systems Biology at Columbia University Medical Center. “

Another thing to look for in the near future are more integrative approaches to precision oncology, according to Califano. “We have all been infatuated with the idea that there may be a single magic bullet for solving the cancer problem; for instance by using targeted therapy or immunotherapy approaches, but such views are “rather simplistic,” Califano cautions.

“Cancer is a complex disease requiring equally complex solutions that can only be achieved by embracing an integrative and quantitative approach.” Califano speculates that integrating mutation-based targeted therapy and immunotherapy approaches with complementary approaches, such as RNA- and proteomic-based ones, is the next logical step for making precision oncology more “precise” and ultimately more valuable to the patient.

“One of the most compelling ‘big things’ emerging in the current research landscape is the use of single-cell technologies,” notes Califano, who also says that  these approaches are going to revolutionise the way we think about cancer.

Califano says that liquid biopsies are becoming integral to the landscape of precision oncology; liquid biopsies can potentially detect relapse months earlier than currently possible with traditional methods, such as imaging. This allows the oncologist to switch treatment before the tumour has a chance to become further differentiated, adding to our ability to better control this disease, he says.

Califano also commented on the challenges with utilising artificial intelligence (AI) in assisting physicians with identifying the right treatments for patients.

“The complexity of biology requires novel paradigms for analysing and interpreting large data sets, both from a genomic perspective and from a computational analysis perspective, and I am very excited about the possibilities and the direction the field is taking to ultimately individualize cancer care on a truly quantitative and predictive basis,” Califano says.

Advances in Addressing Cancer Prevention and Health Disparities in 2018

“We have made some progress in addressing cancer health disparities but we still have a long way to go,” says John Carpten, PhD, professor and chair of the Department of Translational Genomics, professor in the Department of Urology, and director of the Institute of Translational Genomics at Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California.

“We are finally seeing a time where there are significant talks between social/behavioural scientists and basic/translational scientists in embracing interdisciplinary approaches to constructively address cancer disparities,” adds Carpten, who is a member of the AACR Minorities in Cancer Research committee.

“I think that in the coming years, we will see more studies that integrate data relevant to environmental exposures with molecular data to better understand the effect of environment and stress on cancer, particularly in underrepresented communities,” noted Carpten.

While it is well recognized that factors related to race, socioeconomic status, and environmental factors influence cancer health disparities, there is a significant dearth of information on the biology of cancer for patients from underrepresented communities, such as African-American and Latino populations; this is despite the fact that many cancers, such as prostate cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, colorectal cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, and multiple myeloma, disproportionately affect these populations, says Carpten.

Much of the basic research, including genomic data that populates currently available large databases, predominantly includes patients of European descent, Carpten notes. “We need to do a better job of providing information on more diverse patient populations when it comes to molecular profiling,” he adds.

We need to see significant improvements in clinical trial accrual, especially in large phase III trials testing new therapies focused on cancers that disproportionately affect minorities, Carpten notes. He says that this has been a recurring problem for decades and adds that it is time to find new and improved ways to include clinical investigators who are knowledgeable in recruiting patients from underrepresented populations into clinical trials. “We have to do a better job of including advocates from the community into the clinical trial recruitment platforms,” he says.

“There is this unfortunate reality that as we continue to battle with nationalized health care and the best way to implement it, we will also continue to see a greater divide among communities in access to quality and innovative health care,” Carpten notes.

“This is another incredible reason why we have to continue to not only engage but involve minority communities in these processes, and that happens to be a strength of the AACR. I hope to see this organization continue to be a leader in galvanizing advocacy and survivorship communities and integrating them into the scientific community, particularly in relation to translational research and clinical trials,” Carpten says.

Editor’s note: In a further effort to reduce cancer health disparities, AACR President Michael A. Caliguiri, MD, is spearheading 2020 by 2020, a collaborative effort to bring AACR Project GENIE, ORIEN, PELOTONIA, and the Biden Foundation together to sequence 2,020 cancer genomes from African-American/Black cancer patients by 2020. This effort is expected to contribute to the assembly of a national cancer data ecosystem that has mined patient data to predict future patient outcomes in minority and medically underserved populations.

Source: The above is an extraction from an article, Experts Forecast Cancer Research and Treatment Advances in 2018,  published January 3, 2018 by Srivani Ravoori, PhD on blog.aacr.org, the American Association for Cancer Research’s official blog.”